Some interesting links that I have found:

Search Engines:

• Yahoo
• Google.
• Google Scholar. Scientific search.
• Google books. Old books and periodicals.

Electrostatic Machines:

• Electrostatic Machines that I have built, machines built by others, and extensive materials, with many pictures and full references, about most of the known types of electrostatic machines.
• Máquinas Eletrostáticas, uma descrição dos modelos principais, com muitas figuras e textos descritivos, em português.
• Exposição "Raios Artificiais", na UFRJ em 2002.
• Mostra definitiva sobre raios artificiais no Espaço COPPE, a partir de 2005.
• Science Hobbist page. Includes some items about electrostatic machines.
• Theater of Electricity, at the Museum of Science, Boston, USA. The first large Van de Graaff generator, built in the 1930's, is now there. Many good pictures and informations on-line.
• The Gemmary sells old scientific instruments and books.
• PV Scientific Instruments sells electrostatic machines and other devices. Has also reprints of old books.
• Electropolis. A museum in France devoted to electricity.
• Ecole Polytechnique. In France. Some interesting pictures of unusual machines (including the machines of Armstrong and Carré, and a double Holtz machine) with descriptions. Some data about the builders is also available.
• Transylvania University Museum. Look for the quadruple Toepler-Holtz machine. There are also other machines and curious demonstration devices that work with static electricity.
• Museo per la Storia dell'Universita di Pavia. In Italy. Many electrostatic items.
• The Bakken Library and Museum. Several machines on display and interesting informations.
• Electrostatic Applications. Source for books about modern applications of electrostatics, and other informations.
• Teylers museum, in the Netherlands. Displays the large electrostatic machine built by van Marum in the XVIII century.
• Museum of Science and Industry, in Chicago, USA. The large machine built by James Wimshurst in 1885 is on display there (not on-line, but see it here).
• Experiments at the N. C. State University, USA.
• Museu de Física da Universidade de Coimbra. In Portugal. Shows several friction machines and many other instruments.
• A simple electrostatic generator using a PVC tube.
• Friction generators made with PVC parts, an extensive discussion about Leyden jars, a forum, and some other devices. By Kelly H.
• Several machines, with excellent descriptions, can be found at this site at the Urbino University, in Italy.
• Animation of the charging system of a Pelletron, at NEC.
• 1000000 Volts, by Lyonel Baum, in France. Has many informations about the Van de Graaff machine, Marx generators, Tesla coils, and other high-voltage generators..
• Another description of the Van de Graaff generator.
• O gerador eletrostático de Van de Graaff, and other experiments with static electricity, by Luiz Ferraz Netto, in Brazil (Portuguese). A very complete site about the construction of Van de Graaff generators.
• Prof. Netto has a great site entitled Feira de Ciências about basic physics experiments.
• An electromagnetic miscellany. Contains sections mentioning A. D. Moore (dirods), hydroelectric machines, and many other subjects related to electrostatics. By Dr. Colin Pounder.
• A large collection of electrostatic machines can be seen at the Museo de Fisica, at Universitá "La Sapienza", in Rome, Italy. Of special interest are the Wommelsdorf machines.
• This controversial document contains many references to patents about electrostatic motors and generators.
• A description of the restoration of Wimshurst machines, and many other high-voltage projects, by Sam Barros.
• A multiple Toepler-Holtz machine can be seen at this interesting site about old medical devices.
• Plans for a Dirod influence machine, and a kit, by Kevin Dunn.
• Description of the construction of a Wimshurst machine, by Nino Reali, in Italian.
• There is an electrostatic machine among the stars.
• This site in Austria contains interesting informations about the Wimshurst machine, Lord Kelvin's water machine, and many other subjects.
• Museo del Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Università di Perugia. In Italy. Many instruments, including a Voss machine (not Holtz) and a large Wimshurst machine.
• A large Toepler-Holtz machine, at the Iowa State University, USA.
• A Ramsden machine, a curious Holtz machine with spark gaps at the neutralizers, and several other instruments, can be seen at this museum, in Venice, Italy.
• These pages show several interesting devices, including Bennet`s doubler.
• These pages about science toys, show a very simple Van de Graaff generator, and other devices.
• Some videos about electrostatics, at Wake Forest University, USA.
• A site about electrostatic machines. Mostly materials taken from other sites, including this.
• A Wimshurst machine, at a museum at the University of Innsbruck, Austria. Looks as this, with different Leyden jars. There are also other machines and interesting devices in other pages.
  
• Instruments for Natural Philosophy, by Thomas B. Greenslade Jr. Has a large collection of pictures of electrostatic devices and other old instruments.
• Lateral science, a curious site that has some old texts about electricity, some serious, others not so...
• A series of Wimshurst machines, built by Rudolf Veit.
• Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Firenze, Italy. Has a good collection of electrostatic machines, some quite unusual, on the on-line museum, and a lot of other materials too, as a digital library.
• Electrostatic Machines, in the Wikipedia.
• Stereographic cards showing a Holtz machine and a large friction machine (Search for Dickinson).
• A Wommelsdorf machine, and other instruments. Several electrostatic machines are shown, including a rare Wommelsdorf condenser machine (looks restored).
  
• A big machine in Budapest (Wikipedia).
• Bagliori nel vuoto. An exposition at the Museo di Storia della Fisica - Universitá degli Studi di Padova. Shows several friction machines and Holtz machines. Many other instruments too.
• A Holtz machine of the second kind. Liceo Ginnasio Virgilio Mantova, Italy.
• A Voss machine. Museo di Fisica "F. Cicognini - G. Rodari", Italy.
• Two dirod machines and a Wimshurst machine. Japanese.
• A Wimshurst machine with a different drive mechanism, and many other devices, as this globe friction machine, a Holtz machine, etc. At Fondazione Scienza e Tecnica, Firenze, Italy.
• Two beautiful Holtz machines (this is the other) can be seen at the Museo Crescenti Pacinotti, along with several other machines and instruments.
• Several electrostatic machines are shown in this site: Rapp Instruments. In German.
• Plans for a Wimshurst machine. Amateur Work Magazine, 1902.
• A commercial Wimshurst machine, disassembled.
• A Wimshurst machine, at Harward University.
• A nice Wimshurst machine, at the University of Michigan.
• History of Electrostatic Generators.
• Experiments with constructed electrostatic generators (German). An interesting long text (a book, probably) showing a large Wimshurst machine and other devices.
• A simplified Toepler-Holtz machine. Modern Mechanics, 1930.
• A great collection of old friction and influence machines, and also many other electrostatic demonstration devices. By Eric Howe, in the USA.
• Influence Machines, by James Wimshurst, Scientific American.
• Lichtenberg figures. Transcription of the original paper. A version in French. Shows the large electrophorus and the double electrophorus.
• Beccaria News. A collection of texts about early electricity. Other texts here (Italian).
• Telegraph Instruments of Europe. Shows many old instruments, including some electrostatic machines.
• Electricalia. Several instruments, restored or rebuilt, including some electrostatic devices.
• Máquinas Científicas. A series of devices built by José Martin Roldán, including some electrostatic machines.
• Steampunk Wimshurst machines, with details on how to build one. Here is another. Video and more pictures here.
• Several electrostatic machines, including a Wehrsen machine, at the Technical University of Clausthal.
• A big Wimshurst machine, at the Swiss Science Center Technorama.
• A Wehrsen machine in a demonstration at the University of Bonn.
• Large Winter machine, at Museo Galileo, Florence, Italy. There are other machines there too, as this Ramsden machine.
• Cecchi machine, at the LombardiaBeneCulturali site. Italy. This kind of machine antecipated the Carré machine.
• A curious Wimshurst machine with the structure made with cardboard, by Astromedia.
• A small Wimshurst machine, sold as a kit.

Other Sites About the History of Physics and Electricity:

• American Artifacts. Contains reproductions of old articles on electric devices used in medicine.
• WWW Virtual Library History of Science, Technology & Medicine.
• United States early radio history, by Thomas H. White. Articles and extracts about the beginnings of radio.
• Física e Cultura. Informations about the discovery of X rays and its repercussion in Brazil.
• An article about Zamboni and his dry pile. By M. Tinazzi.
• The museum of the Lycée de garçons de Luxembourg shows many instruments, along with their descriptions in old books and catalogs.
• How to construct an efficient wireless telegraph apparatus at a small cost, by F. Collins. Copy of an old article or the Scientific American, with plans for a spark radio.
• Twenty First Century Books. Several texts about the works of Nikola Tesla.
• IEEE Virtual Museum. Has extensive materials about the evolution of electricity and electronics.
• Hauchs Physike Cabinet. Shows a great collection of old instruments.
• Sparkmuseum, has a very complete collection covering most of the history of electricity and magnetism, as this nice collection of old demonstration devices for electrostatics.
• Js-lehrmittel, a site in Germany showing nice reproductions of Geissler tubes and similar devices.
• Mr. Static. Interesting texts about electrostatics.
• Electricity. Classic Encyclopedia (closed).
• A scan of the book "The boy electrician" (1947). From this site.
• Videos with demonstrations of old instruments. By Paolo Brenni, Fondazione Scienza e Tecnica, Florence.
• Percorsi elettrici. By Carlo de Rubeis. Reconstructions of many classical devices, including several electrostatic machines.

Other High-Voltage Devices:

• A Tesla coil simulator program that I wrote (DOS). Computes exact solutions for coupled resonator circuits. Some other programs are also available, as the Inca program, that computes inductances and mutual inductances.
• A page showing a set of formulas for the optimum design of a Tesla magnifier, that I derived.
• Description of an old Tesla coil system, and some old medical equipment, donated to the UFRJ Engineering School.
• My transformerless Tesla coil.
• My capacitive transformer Tesla coil.
• My directly coupled Tesla magnifier.
• My (almost) classical Tesla coil, with a flat primary coil and top load tuning.
• Descrição em português da mesma Bobina de Tesla.
• Comentários adicionais sobre bobinas de Tesla.
  
• My 6th-order Tesla magnifier.
• Designing a solid-state Tesla coil. Ideas about designing a SSTC as a bandpass filter.
• Designing a double resonance solid-state Tesla coil, for charging a capacitive load.
• Comments about how to drive a DRSSTC.
• Experiments with flybacks, and a "lifter".
• Note about how to design a current transformer.
• The Tela Coil Mailing List. A place where to learn and discuss everything about Tesla coils.
• The Tesla Ring. A ring of sites about Tesla coils.
• Jochen's High Voltage Page. High voltage circuits using transformers, ignition coils, voltage multipliers, etc.
• Snock's High Voltage Page. Many high-voltage circuits and experiments with ignition coils, etc..
• High Voltage Experimenter's Handbook, by Jim Lux. Many useful informations about high-voltage techniques.
• Bizarre Stuff. Contains copies of old articles about construction of induction coils, Leyden jars, and other things (closed).
• A simple "quick and dirty" Marx generator.
• An induction coil, built by Kurt Schraner.
• The Turn Of The Century Electrotherapy Museum. Old Tesla coils and similar devices used in electrotherapy.
• Electrostatic demonstration devices.
• Dr. Megavolt. Impressive demonstrations with Tesla coils.
• High Voltage Info. A collection of articles about high voltage.
• Tesla Universe. Has all the issues of TCBA News online.
  

Electronics:

• Don Lancaster's site. Very interesting, high quality, materials.
• ePanorama.net. Circuits and informations about electronic devices for all purposes.
• Octopart. Search engine for electronic parts.
• Alldatasheet. Data sheets for almost everything.
• Nostalgia Air. Materials about old radios.
• eServiceInfo. Data sheets, schematics, etc.
• Kaiser power electronics. General electronics.

Digital libraries:

• Project Gutenberg. Classical texts
  
• Medieval Sourcebook. Many texts from various origins, covering the Middle Age.
• Internet Classics Archive. Classical texts.
  
• The Perseus Digital Library. Classical texts, with references and links.
  
• Gallica. An exceptional collection of old books and periodicals on many subjects, including good collections of the Comptes Rendus, Philosophical Transactions, Annalen der Physik, etc.
• Internet Library of Early Journals. A collection of 18th and 19th century periodicals.
• Le Conservatoire numérique des Arts & Métiers. Many old books, including several classical books about electricity, and a collection of La Nature.
• Physical Review Online Archive. Physical Review, since 1893 (requires subscription).
• JSTOR. The Scholarly Journal Archive. Many old periodicals. Of special interest are the journals about mathematics (requires subscription).
• The Virtual Laboratory, In the Max Plank Institute for the History of Science. The library section contains a great collection of scanned texts, including complete Max Kohl trade catalogs, and a catalog by Robert Voss showing Voss and Wimshurst machines.
• IoP Electronic Journals. Several periodicals available, some going to the XIX century (requires subscription).
• Instruments for Science, 1800-1914. Trade catalogs, including a Kax Kohl catalog (lower resolution than the one above), and many others with similar materials.
• Portal de periódicos da CAPES. Eighteen Century Collections Online (requires subscription).
• Nature, XIX century (~1870), at the University of Wisconsin. OCR versions.
• Museo Galileo, Florence, Italy. Has many electrostatic machines too, including this large Winter machine.
• Kinematic Models for Design, Cornell University, USA.
  
• Jubilotèque. UPMC.
• Google Book Search. Finds many old books and periodicals, including the rare "A Journal of Natural Philosophy Chemistry and the Arts" (Nicholson's Journal), from the New York Public Library.
• Internum - Aristhot. Several old scanned books. (Some with wrong identification, as Belli's book.)
• Rare Book Room. Good scans of many old books, including books by Benjamin Franklin.
• Digitizing the "Polytechnische Journal", at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
  
• Grace's guide to the british industrial history. Contains good scans of several old technical journals.

Hexaflexagons:

• This was an old mania of mine. Here is some data about my findings, with a catalog of all the hexaflexagons up to order 10, and a program that designs any possible hexaflexagon.
• Flexagons, by David King. The most complete site about the subject that I have found.
• This site (also this), contains many references about hexaflexagons and papers about their theory. By H. V. McIntosh.
• A page with a good list of links about hexaflexagons.
  

On-line Book Stores:

• Amazon.com.
• Lindsay Publications. Reprints and hard-to-find technical books. Was a rather curious site (closed, but with some information).

Dictionaries:

• Dicionário Universal da Língua Portuguesa. Portuguese dictionary (Portugal).
• Merriam-Webster Online. English dictionary.

Metalworking (balls):

• Making balls by metal spinning, where I show how to make balls to use in electrostatic devices.
• Two ball turning tools.
• Lathe and Mill Setup Instructions, by Sherline.
• Spun toroids, by John Freau.
• Metal Spinning Information, by James P. Riser. An excellent site about metal spinning.
• This company sells metallic balls. This too. These and other difficult to find materials can be obtained from here.

Patents:

• Google patent search. Probably the easiest way to find patents.
• esp@cenet contains many patents from several countries. You can find old patents, since about 1920, giving the patent numbers. Free.
• United States Patent Office. U. S. patents since 1790, in TIFF format. Free.
• GetThePatent contains all the U. S. patents since 1790, fully indexed since 1976, in the compressed CPC format. Only search is free.

Forums:

• 4HV - High voltage.
• High voltage forum.
• Cientificosaficionados.

Old computers:

• MSX programs. Software developed or adapted by me in the 1980's. Em Português.

Some links may be broken, as the memory in the Internet is short. Eventually they will be deleted or corrected.

Created: 1996
Last update: 4 June 2020.
Developed and Maintained by Antonio Carlos M. de Queiroz