Recent changes:

Significant updates and changes in the site, relative to the pages about electrostatic machines and other high-voltage devices, are listed here.

• 17/05/2020 - Added document about wireless energy transfer.
• 23/05/2019 - Added a paper by James Wimshurst on influence machines.
• 26/12/2018 - Added 3D-printed electronic electrostatic machines.
• 26/11/2018 - Added Clarke's lighter.
• 25/11/2018 - Added the Manual of Static Electricity.
• 29/12/2017 - Added more material about the Holtz machines.
• 19/03/2017 - Changes in the material about the doubler by Desormes and Hachette.
• 17/03/2017 - Added the machines described by G. Fuller and K. Schall.
• 25/04/2016 - Added original description of Nicholson's spinning instrument, and of Wilson's machine.
• 19/04/2016 - Added modification in the double electrophorus machine.
• 12/04/2016 - Added Mr. Buresti's Van de Graaff generator and multiplier.
• 21/01/2016 - Added electronic version of Wilson's machine.
• 21/05/2015 - Added the double electrophorus machine.
• 25/04/2015 - Changes in the page about Wilson's machine.
• 23/03/2015 - Added link to a video of a curious machine.
• 05/02/2015 - Included references to E. Thomson's machine.
• 04/02/2015 - Included Wimshurst machine made by Mr. Mark Winquist.
• 03/02/2015 - Reformulated patents page.
• 29/01/2015 - Added the reformed Toepler machine.
• 16/01/2015 - Added tubular doubler.
• 06/07/2014 - Added page about the disassembly of a Wommelsdorf machine. Atualizações na página em português.
• 11/05/2014 - Updates page about polarity detectors.
• 05/05/2014 - Added page about polarity detectors.
• 08/02/2014 - Added page about a bigger Half Wimshurst machine.
• 20/10/2013 - Added my third electronic version of Bennet's doubler.
• 06/05/2013 - Added the Wimshurst machine built by Mr. Jens Thiergärtner.
• 23/02/2013 - Added the Van de Graaff generators built by Mr. Kees Kuyper and the Wimshurst machine built by Mr. Hans Wissmeyer.
• 01/01/2013 - Updated page about Belli's machine.
• 22/12/2012 - Updated page about Belli's machine.
• 20/12/2012 - Added page about Belli's machines.
• 10/10/2012 - Updated page on the replenisher machine.
• 14/09/2012 - Added "Ergos" machine.
• 08/09/2012 - Updated patents page.
• 01/09/2012 - Added section about medical electrostatic machines.
• 20/06/2012 - Updated electronic version of Bennet's doubler, showing the operation with a single variable capacitor.
• 18/06/2012 - Added page about the electrophorus.
• 15/05/2012 - Added the machines made by Mr. Oberhage and Mr. Trevisan.
• 06/04/2012 - Update page about Nicholson's doubler.
• 19/02/2012 - Updated capacitance calculations.
• 05/02/2012 - Added page about simple high-voltage measurements.
• 28/01/2012 - Updates in the electronic version of Bennet's doubler.
• 11/01/2011 - Updates in the operation of the Wimshurst machine.
• 31/12/2011 - Added page about my atempt to build a Gläser machine.
• 26/12/2011 - Added Cecchi machine and a variation.
• 28/08/2011 - Added page about "pneumatic machines".
  
• 17/07/2011 - Added information about Lord Blythswood multiple machine.
  
• 02/07/2011 - Added the new machines of Mr. Johnson and Mr. Solomon.
  
• 10/04/2011 - Added experiments with enclosed spinners.
  
• 06/04/2011 - Added my replenisher machine.
  
• 12/03/2011 - Added the Van de Graaff generators built by Mr. Phillips and Mr. Johnson.
  
• 15/02/2011 - Added my version of the Pfaff and Svanberg multiplier.
  
• 29/01/2011 - Added page about a gigantic plate machine.
  
• 23/01/2011 - Added the Bonetti machines made by Mr. Keverline and Mr. Trobbiani, and a Wimshurst machine made by Mr. Johnson.
  
• 29/11/2010 - Updated the page about the Wehrsen machine, with pictures of the machine at the University of Bonn and a catalog.
• 27/11/2010 - Added Mr. Slikker's cylindric Wimshurst machine.
  
• 13/11/2010 - Added reference to Upington's increaser and several small corrections and updates.
  
• 24/10/2010 - Added more informations about doublers, with pictures of Read's and Nicholson's doublers.
• 23/10/2010 - Added more references and informations about the doublers by John Read and Desormes and Hachette.
• 11/10/2010 - Added the self-starting rotating version of Bennet's doubler with diodes.
• 07/09/2010 - Added the Wehrsen machine at the Technical University of Clausthal.
• 16/08/2010 - Added a new video about Bennet's doubler with diodes.
  
• 22/06/2010 - Added a sectorless Wimshurst machine being used for practical purposes.
  
• 23/04/2010 - Added pictures of the restored double Holtz machine belonging to Mr. Slikker.
  
• 15/03/2010 - Added the collection of electrostatic machines belonging to Mr. Jaap Slikker
  
• 13/03/2010 - Added more information about Pidgeon's first machine and the Bonetti machine.
  
• 15/02/2010 - Added the machines built by Mr. Doug, Mr. Solomon, and Mr. Pecher.
  
• 22/11/2009 - Added my electronic version of Bennet's doubler.
  
• 29/10/2009 - Updated Van de Graaff generator with external belt, showing the linked rollers.
  
• 08/09/2009 - Added the Voss machine restored by Mr. Recce.
• 16/07/2009 - Updated how the Wimshurst machine works.
• 15/06/2009 - Added the results of conventional disks in the Wimshurst machine with insulated sectors.
  
• 12/05/2009 - Added my Wimshurst machine with insulated sectors.
  
• 12/03/2009 - Added original picture of Wilson's machine.
• 24/02/2009 - Added my Henley electrometers.
  
• 30/01/2009 - Added Mr. Kinsey's Holtz machine.
  
• 27/01/2009 - Added my electrostatic orrery.
  
• 27/11/2008 - Added the machines made by Mr. Hodges, Mr. Trobbiani, and Mr. Bodsworth.
  
• 24/11/2008 - Added the Wimshurst machines made by Mr. Kevin Acres and his grandfather.
  
• 21/11/2008 - Added several machines built by Mr. Paul Hendriksen.
  
• 17/07/2008 - Removed several dead links and added others.
• 01/07/2008 - Added another "lifter" video.
• 18/05/2008 - Added expriments with flybacks and a "lifter".
• 02/04/2008 - Updated page about "DRSSTC".
• 17/03/2008 - Added several machines built by Mr. Cannone, Mr. Turner, Mr. McCarty, Mr. Bowlds, Mr. Heidel, and Mr. Alfaro.
  
• 14/02/2008 - Added Mr. McDowell's Wimshurst machine.
  
• 29/09/2007 - Added link to Prof. Feijó's site.
• 11/09/2007 - Added Mr. Philips' machines.
  
• 28/08/2007 - Added Bennet's doubler with reciprocating levers.
  
• 09/08/2007 - Added Mr. Kinsey's spark with large Leyden jars.
  
• 26/07/2007 - Added comment about Erasmus Darwin's doublers.
  
• 06/07/2007 - Added Mr. Kinsey's spark comparisons.
  
• 14/06/2007 - Added link to Mr. Kinsey's laser experiments.
• 28/04/2007 - Added my Van de Graaff generator with external belt and ceramic insulator.
  
• 16/04/2007 - Added Wilson's machine and the Lebiez machines made by Mr. Manchich.
  
• 27/03/2007 - Updated page about the Van de Graaff generator.
• 28/02/2007 - Added the Wimshurst machine made by Mr. Giacomelli, and the machine with painted sectors made by Mr. Kinsey.
  
• 20/02/2007 - Added page about the rotating Bennet's doubler.
  
• 28/08/2006 - Added machines made by Mr. Salinas and Mr. Pollner. Updated page about Bennet's doubler.
  
• 19/07/2006 - Added informations about the Pidgeon machine.
• 14/05/2006 - Added machines built by Mr. Heiden, Mr. Kinsey, and Mr. Branger.
• 19/04/2006 - Updated page about my Wehrsen machine.
• 18/04/2006 - Updated page about a restored Wimshurst machine.
• 05/04/2006 - Added video of my Tesla coil in operation.
• 12/01/2006 - Added video of Bennet's doubler.
• 17/10/2005 - Added new picture of the Toepler-Dirod machine.
  
• 02/10/2005 - Added diagram of the shake-sphere machine.
  
• 30/09/2005 - Updated page about the Wimshurst machine.
• 15/08/2005 - Updated page about restoration of a Wimshurst machine.
  
• 27/07/2005 - Added Wimshurst machine built by Mr. Bradley.
  
• 08/04/2005 - Added Wimshurst machines sent by Mr. Eloranta and Mr. Miller.
  
• 21/03/2005 - Added Mr. Linder's new Van de Graaf generator.
  
• 10/03/2005 - Added pictures of a Voss machine.
• 21/07/2004 - Added page about Bohnenberger's Nicholson's doubler.
• 03/07/2004 - Added program sstcd, to help in the design of "solid state Tesla coils".
• 19/06/2004 - Added page about the design of "solid-state Tesla coils".
• 27/05/2004 - Added pictures from Bohnenberger's book about doublers.
• 16/05/2004 - Added several Wimshurst machines.
• 04/05/2004 - Added better picture of the Woodward machine and Cavallo's multiplier.
• 23/04/2004 - Added movie of Bohnenberger's doubler and Mr. Pollner's Van de Graaff generator.
• 19/04/2004 - Updated page about Nicholson's doubler.
• 16/04/2004 - Added my Bohnenberger's Bennet's doubler.
• 11/04/2004 - Added Bohnenberger's variation of Nicholson's doubler.
• 04/04/2004 - Added Bohnenberger's version of Bennet's doubler.
• 01/04/2004 - Added my Toepler-Dirod machine, Mr. Tramasaygues' Dirod, and Mr. Triches Wimshurst.
• 21/02/2004 - Improved page about Bennet's doubler.
• 19/02/2004 - Added Mr. Rapp's Wimshurst and Mr. Linder's Van de Graaff. Some reorganization.
• 18/02/2004 - Added schematic of Péclet's multiplier, a picture of Nicholson's doubler, links, and references.
• 18/01/2004 - Added Mr. Stuart's hybrid Toepler-Dirod machine, updated page about my cylindric machine.
• 23/12/2003 - Added page about my large Wehrsen machine, and the machines built by Mr. Kerley and Mr. Stuart.
• 15/10/2003 - Added more material about doublers, as the Pfaff and Svanberg multiplier.
• 26/09/2003 - Updated page about the Wimshurst machine and the Inca program, including better documentation.
• 07/09/2003 - Added Mr. Grant's sectorless Wimshurst machine, and references to papers by Wimshurst, etc.
• 05/09/2003 - Added more materials about Van de Graaff generators.
• 22/08/2003 - Added first test of my large Wehrsen machine.
• 16/08/2003 - Added references to Hauksbee and Le Roy.
• 15/08/2003 - Added references to Van de Graaff machines using equipotential rings.
• 03/08/2003 - Added Watson's machine.
• 01/08/2003 - Added pictures of my large Wehrsen machine, Rouland's machine and links to digital libraries.
• 23/07/2003 - Added pictures of multiple Wimshurst machines.
• 19/07/2003 - Added some data about several researchers in the pages in Portuguese.
• 11/07/2003 - Added picture of Otto von Guericke and text about Bose.
• 03/07/2003 - Added more material about lightning demonstration machines in the page about Voss machines.
• 22/06/2003 - Added more references. Small changes in the Holtz machine page. Some wrong links fixed
• 11/05/2003 - Added page about a 6th-order Tesla magnifier.
• 03/05/2003 - Added Mr. Tramasaygues' second Toepler machine.
• 27/04/2003 - Added Mr. Blake's model machine and Mr. Tramasaygues' Toepler machine.
• 05/04/2003 - Added Mr. Kehrle's large Bonetti machine.
• 23/03/2003 - Added arc pictures and a waveform comparison to the Tesla coil page. Updated Inca program
• 02/03/2003 - Added experimental waveforms to the classical Tesla coil page.
• 01/03/2003 - Updated page about my classical Tesla coil (Oudin coil calculations).
• 28/02/2003 - Added page showing a classical Tesla coil.
• 22/02/2003 - Updated programs. Teslasim and Inca compute mutual inductances.
• 16/02/2003 - Added interesting spark picture to the triplex machine page. Updated programs for m. r. networks.
• 12/02/2003 - Added new picture and informations in the biography of H. Wommelsdorf.
• 04/02/2003 - Small corrections and updates in the pages about the triplex machine and the doublers.
• 23/01/2003 - Added reference to the paper by Musaeus about an early Wimshurst machine (1871).
• 10/01/2003 - Changes in the triplex Wimshurst machine page.
• 09/01/2003 - Added biography of H. Wommelsdorf and several pictures of Wommelsdorf machines.
• 16/12/2002 - Added label in the Wommelsdorf machine page, and changes in the patents page.
• 07/12/2002 - All the software for high-voltage generators placed in a single directory.
• 04/12/2002 - More patents added. General reorganization of the files.
• 19/11/2002 - Reorganized the patents page.
• 16/11/2002 - Added Mr. Skitmore's restored Wimshurst machine.
• 15/11/2002 - Added page about my directly coupled Tesla magnifier.
• 14/11/2002 - Changes in the page about the Bohnenberger machine, adding a schematic diagram and a voltage graph.
• 06/11/2002 - Adder page about the exposition "Artifical Lightning" (Portuguese).
• 01/11/2002 - Added reference to a patent of the disk used in the Wehrsen machine.
• 26/10/2002 - Added more Voss machines and patents, and more pictures of Mr. Cole's machine.
• 24/10/2002 - Added Piggott's Wimshurst machine.
• 14/10/2002 - Added the paper describing Lord Kelvin's "replenisher".
• 12/10/2002 - Adder the paper describing Lord Kelvin's water machine.
• 03/10/2002 - Added Mr. Keverline's Toepler machine.
• 19/08/2002 - Added comments and pictures about increasing the power of the transformerless Tesla coil.
• 14/08/2002 - Added page about my capacitive transformer Tesla coil.
• 11/08/2002 - Added comment about operating operating a Tesla coil with power from an electrostatic machine.
• 03/08/2002 - Added experimental waveforms taken from the transformerless Tesla coil.
• 01/08 2002 - Added design formulas for the transformerless Tesla coil.
• 29/07/2002 - Added link to my transformerless Tesla coil, and new pictures of a my Bonetti machine.
• 12/07/2002 - Added pictures of an old machine to the Voss machine page. In the Portuguese page too..
• 09/07/2002 - Updated pages about the Wimshurst machine and how it works.
• 06/07/2002 - Added informations about an old machine in the Wommelsdorf machine page.
• 25/06/2002 - Added power and current calculations to the Van de Graaff generator page.
• 16/06/2002 - Added Mr. Schaefer's Wimshurst machine.
• 10/06/2002 - Changes in the introduction and in the page about the Wimshurst machine.
• 06/06/2002 - Updated page about the Wommelsdorf machine.
• 20/05/2002 - Added picture and changes in the page about the double Van de Graaff generator.
• 18/05/2002 - Changes in the page about the Wimshurst triplex machine.
• 11/05/2002 - Changes in the page about the Wehrsen machine.
• 09/05/2002 - Added new pictures and comments about my big Bonetti machine.
• 23/04/2002 - Included page about the Wehrsen machine, changed Van de Graaff page.
• 13/04/2002 - Added new pictures of this and this restored Wimshurst machines.
• 09/04/2002 - Added Mr. Heidel`s Wimshurst machine.
• 24/03/2002 - Added pictures of the Wehrsen machine working.
• 23/03/2002 - Added pictures of some machines from the University of Porto, and Mr. Noviello's machine. My Wehrsen machine now works well.
• 15/03/2002 - Added pictures of the prototype Wehrsen machine.
• 11/03/2002 - Reorganized part of the main page.
• 03/03/2002 - Added drawing plans of a small Wehrsen machine.
• 24/01/2002 - Added the machines built by Mr. Meijers and Mr. Hoblart. Updated linear motor.
• 17/01/2002 - Revised page about the symmetrical Toepler machine.
• 07/01/2002 - Added an electrostatic linear motor and two Bonetti machines.
• 01/01/2002 - Changes in the introduction, Mr. Klein's triplex machine.
• 25/12/2001 - Added safety considerations in the Van de Graaff page.
• 27/11/2001 - Added djvu image of paper p36, first description in English of the Holtz machine.
• 14/11/2001 - Added Mr. Kitching's Wimshurst machine.
• 14/10/2001 - Added reference about Péclet's condenser.
• 01/10/2001 - Added new pages of this booklet about Wimshurst machines, in German.
• 22/09/2001 - Added a large friction machine that I found in Paris, decorations on the main page, and a page about
  James Wimshurst, in Portuguese.
• 18/08/2001 - Added plans for a Wehrsen machine, Mr. Gazzi's Wimshurst machines, Righi's Holtz machine, and a picture of his electrometer.
• 18/06/2001 - Added Mr. La Valle's machines, and a variation of the Belli machine.
• 12/06/2001 - Changes in the material about the Felici machines.
• 03/05/2001 - Added the "unfolded Wimshurst machine".
• 27/03/2001 - Added the "half Wimshurst machine".
• 19/02/2001 - Added Mr. Klein's other machines.
• 17/02/2001 - Added Mr. Foster's simple technique for generating long sparks.
• 05/02/2001 - Added new spark image from the Wommelsdorf machine.
• 02/02/2001 - Changes in the texts about the Van de Graaff generator and about the Holtz machine.
• 27/01/2001 - Added page about my Wommelsdorf machine.
• 18/01/2001 - Added pictures from the catalog of the exposition of 1900.
• 07/01/2001 - Added pictures of my complete Wommelsdorf machine.
• 29/12/2000 - Added more pictures of my Wommelsdorf machine.
• 27/12/2000 - Added more Ramsden machines. Updated my Wommelsdorf machine.
• 21/12/2000 - I found that I had a picture of a machine that I saw in Lisbon.
• 20/12/2000 - Added more pictures of Mr. Klein's machine.
• 14/12/2000 - Added more pictures of my Wommelsdorf machine.
• 07/12/2000 - Addd new picture of my Wommelsdorf machine in construction.
• 28/11/2000 - Added item about Felici machines.
• 24/11/2000 - New picture of my partially built Wommelsdorf machine added.
• 10/11/2000 - Added patents of the Lemström machine.
• 6/11/2000 - Added drawing for a planned Wommelsdorf machine.
• 1/11/2000 - Added patents page.
• 30/10/2000 - Added Mr. Phillips' Wimshurst machine.
• 25/10/2000 - Added Mr. Klein's Wommelsdorf machine, new pictures of Ramsden and Carré machines, a big double Voss machine, and new pictures of the Triplex machine.
• 22/10/2000 - Added page about the Triplex machine.
• 2/10/2000 - Revised text about Wommelsdorf machines.
• 28/9/2000 - Added djvu images of papers p73 and p76.
• 18/9/2000 - Added link to the WMD Wimshurst Machine Designer program.
• 25/8/2000 - Update in the current calculations.
• 21/8/2000 - Update in the current calculations.
• 19/8/2000 - Added pictures of Nicholson's doubler, and updates in the current calculations.
• 17/8/2000 - Updated the text about current calculations, and added some data about the triplex machine.
• 15/8/2000 - Updated the text about the operation of the Wimshurst machine.
• 10/8/2000 - Added pages about Nicholson's doubler and current calculations.
• 6/8/2000 - Added djvu image of paper p83.
• 3/8/2000 - Added djvu image of paper p72.
• 31/7/2000 - Added djvu image of paper p71. Papers in zip format expanded.
• 27/7/2000 - Another picture of a Wommelsdorf machine added.
• 24/7/2000 - This file added. Changes in the final observations.

Return to Electrostatic machines
By Antonio Carlos M. de Queiroz